3/21/2023 0 Comments One piece folge 445 deutsch![]() ![]() Footnote 4 The central characteristics of social transformation and modernization were intense industrialization and the rise of the German Reich to become the second most powerful industrial nation in the world, the expansion of the monetary economy, massive arms build-up, and an imperialist policy of expansion and for certain time also of colonialism. Therefore, some social scientists perceive Germany as a “belated nation” (Plessner 1959 ), or they describe the German development as a “special path” ( Sonderweg) (Wehler 1977, p. The lack of political modernization of the Reich was conflicting with the accelerated economic and cultural modernization. The economic, political, social, and cultural developments of the German Reich, which had been founded in 1871, were conducive to the emergence, establishment, and institutionalization of sociology, because the now observable dynamics and consequences of condensed and rapid processes of social differentiation, transformation, and modernization lent themselves to a broader analytic perspective-a “sociological optic” so to speak. Was seen as a way to social reforms to avoid a social revolution. Footnote 2 The new Gesellschaftswissenschaft Furthermore, in contrast to politically active socialists and communists, von Stein and von Mohl wanted to solve the “social question” in a “scientific way” (Mikl-Horke 2001, pp. In contrast to these disciplines, von Stein and von Mohl claimed that “society” has to be regarded as an independent social sphere, which has to be strictly distinguished from the state. So far, social processes had been the object of investigation primarily in the philosophy of history and the Staatswissenschaften Around 1850, the first German representatives of such a “science of society” were Lorenz von Stein (1815–1890), who based his concept of society on the analysis of social movements in France, and Robert von Mohl (1799–1875), who wanted to differentiate strictly between the new GesellschaftswissenschaftĪnd the already existing Staatswissenschaft (the science of society) in the German-speaking world. The “social question” was the starting point for both the materialist social theory of Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) and for the first steps toward a Gesellschaftswissenschaft Footnote 1 These developments showed that “society” could no longer be thought of as a freely chosen association of independent individuals, but had to be conceived of as a structured entity largely determined by economic dynamics and increasingly “shaped by the political borders” (Nolte 2000, p. These processes and problems were: the transition from the feudal age to bourgeois society, industrialization and the drastic intensification of the division of labor, the emergence of social classes within a capitalist economic system, and the so-called social question ( soziale Frage) which resulted from the tensions between the social classes. This conceptual shift was provoked by social processes and problems similar to those which facilitated the emergence of sociology in England (initiated by Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)) and in France (initiated by Henri de Saint-Simon (1760–1825) and Auguste Comte (1798–1857)). Around 1850, the idea arose to characterize “society” more broadly as the “social system constituted by human coexistence” (Nolte 2000, p. Until then, society had primarily been understood within the framework of contract theory (Thomas Hobbes, John Locke), that is, as something that has to be constructed. The beginning of sociological thinking in Germany can be traced back to the middle of the nineteenth century. It was in particular their empirical and methodological knowledge that was useful for the Nazis. But even though sociology cannot be identified as a discipline in the years 1933 to 1945, there were people who worked sociologically. The Nazis had no interest in sociology as an independent science. National Socialism brought sociology as an institutionalized and well-established discipline to an end. In the interwar period, sociology became established as an academic discipline at universities. Journals and professional organizations were founded. At the turn of the century, the now well-known “founding fathers,” such as Ferdinand Tönnies, Georg Simmel, and Max Weber, published their classical works. Similar to France, in Germany the genesis of sociology is closely linked to the emergence of bourgeois society, industrialization, and the perception of a social and cultural crisis. In this chapter, the beginnings of sociology in Germany up until 1945 are presented. ![]()
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